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SOCIAL AND CULTURAL STUDIES
OF ROBOTS AND AI
Good Robot,
Bad Robot
Dark and Creepy Sides of Robotics,
Autonomous Vehicles, and AI
Jo Ann Oravec
Social and Cultural Studies of Robots and AI
Series Editors
Kathleen Richardson, Faculty of Computing, Engineering, and Media,
De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
Teresa Heffernan, Department of English, St. Mary’s University,
Halifax, NS, Canada
This is a groundbreaking series that investigates the ways in which the
“robot revolution” is shifting our understanding of what it means to be
human. With robots filling a variety of roles in society—from soldiers
to loving companions—we can see that the second machine age is
already here. This raises questions about the future of labor, war, our
environment, and even human-to-human relationships.
Jo Ann Oravec
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer
Nature Switzerland AG 2022
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights
of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on
microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and
retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology
now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc.
in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such
names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for
general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and informa-
tion in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither
the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with
respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been
made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps
and institutional affiliations.
This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature
Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
This book is dedicated to my late mother, Marion Oravec, whose amazing
managerial prowess and consulting talent enhanced countless situations as
well as rescued my career many times. It also is dedicated to the work of
Professor Robert Miller, who in 1983 at the University of Wisconsin at
Madison set a pioneering direction for how robot developers,
anthropologists, and implementers would proceed in their efforts. My life
partner, Dr. Robert Reuschlein (founder of the Real Economy Institute
and Nobel Peace Prize nominee), also contributed inspiration and insights
in the long journey from first page to finished manuscript. I would like to
dedicate the book as well to Ralph Nader for his lifetime of public service
and consumer advocacy. His 1965 book Unsafe at Any Speed: The
Designed-in Dangers of the American Automobile focused attention on
technological mishaps and stimulated designers to rethink their approaches.
I attended several of his workshops, which empowered me to be proactive in
tackling large sociotechnical issues as well as human rights challenges.
The book is also dedicated to the memories of Wanda Holbrook, Robert
Williams, Umesh Ramesh Dhake, Elaine Herzberg, and so many others
killed and injured by robots and autonomous vehicles.
Acknowledgements
vii
viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ix
x CONTENTS
Index 277
CHAPTER 1
As the cases and examples in this book Good Robot, Bad Robot demon-
strate, the problem of “bad robots” may not be solved by making robots
seem more human. We may be living with robots, automated vehicles,
and other AI-related entities that many of us perceive to be “dark”
and “creepy” for many years to come. Some of these dark traits are
the result of designers’ decisions, such as the manners in which certain
robots apparently elicit fear on the part of some humans. Others are
part of the co-production efforts of their users, such as in the way that
a legally-available sex robot can often be modified to become a creepy
and malicious child sex robot. Claude Shannon (1949) was one of the
pioneers of the digital era, inventing some of its basic concepts such
as digital circuit design and information theory. He made the following
projection: “I visualize a time when we will be to robots what dogs are to
humans, and I’m rooting for the machines.” The possibility that humans
will have a low social place in relation to robots relates to another of the
major themes of this book (outlined in the next chapter), that of efforts
to construe robots as “outclassing” humans in substantial ways (Moravec,
1988). The combination of robots often acting in rogue and unpre-
dictable ways and humans themselves as feeling significantly outclassed
signals critical social and economic problems for societies (Oravec, 2019).
Er erwähnt, daß die Aufgabe für den Fall, daß c > (b/2)2 unmöglich
sei. Auch die Regel de tri, und zwar nach indischen Mustern, ist in
dem Werke behandelt, das nicht nur für die arabische, sondern auch
für die Entwicklung der abendländischen Mathematik von großer
Wichtigkeit gewesen ist.